ОТ МНОГОСТОРОННОСТИ К ОДНОСТОРОННОСТИ: КРИЗИС ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ВТО И ЕГО ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ДЛЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ
Ключевые слова:
Всемирная торговая организация, многосторонность, односторонность, Апелляционный орган ВТО, разрешение торговых споров, Центральная АзияАннотация
В статье исследуется трансформация многосторонней торговой системы под влиянием распространения односторонних торговых мер и ослабления механизма разрешения споров ВТО. Анализируется соотношение многосторонности и односторонности в регулировании международной торговли и их значение для государств Центральной Азии. На основе формально-юридического, сравнительно-правового, системного и доктринального методов рассматриваются Договорённость ВТО о разрешении споров, практика применения статьи 301 Закона США о торговле 1974 года. Обосновывается, что односторонние меры не всегда означают отказ от многосторонности: их оценка зависит от правового основания, процедуры установления нарушения, независимого пересмотра, соразмерности и срока действия. Предлагается трёхуровневая модель, разграничивающая регулятивную автономию, системно ограниченную односторонность и внесистемный принудительный унилатерализм. Для Центральной Азии многосторонность рассматривается как механизм правового выравнивания и снижения торговых рисков. Сформулированы предложения по присоединению Узбекистана к ВТО.
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Asian Development Bank. (2026). Asian economic integration report 2026: Navigating a new era of trade and investment. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/1126916/asian-economic-integration-report-2026.pdf
Azaria, D. (2022). Trade countermeasures for breaches of international law outside the WTO. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 71(2), 389–423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589322000057
Bhagwati, J. (1990). Departures from multilateralism: Regionalism and aggressive unilateralism. The Economic Journal, 100(403), 1304–1317. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233978
Bhagwati, J. N., & Patrick, H. T. (Eds.). (1990). Aggressive unilateralism: America’s 301 trade policy and the world trading system. University of Michigan Press.
Caporaso, J. A. (1992). International relations theory and multilateralism: The search for foundations. International Organization, 46(3), 599–632. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027843
Chaisse, J., & Su, X. (2025). Normative realignment in domestic trade barriers procedures: Driving unilateralism in the EU, US, and China. World Trade Review, 24(3), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745624000491
Ganiev, B., Sabyrova, L., & Karimova, Z. K. (2026, February 9). CARTIF: A potential catalyst for cross-border trade and investment in the CAREC region. Asian Development Bank. https://rksi.adb.org/publications/cartif-a-potential-catalyst-for-cross-border-trade-and-investment-in-the-carec-region/
Greer, J. (2026, February 24). Don’t let international law get in the way of peace and prosperity. Office of the United States Trade Representative. https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/speeches-and-remarks/2026/january/dont-let-international-law-get-way-peace-and-prosperity
Hopewell, K. (2025). Unravelling of the trade legal order: Enforcement, defection and the crisis of the WTO dispute settlement system. International Affairs, 101(3), 1103–1117. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaf055
Howse, R. (2016). The World Trade Organization 20 years on: Global governance by judiciary. European Journal of International Law, 27(1), 9–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chw011
Jackson, J. H. (1997). The world trading system: Law and policy of international economic relations (2nd ed.). MIT Press.
Keohane, R. O. (1990). Multilateralism: An agenda for research. International Journal, 45(4), 731–764. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070209004500401
Pauwelyn, J. (2016). The WTO 20 years on: “Global governance by judiciary” or, rather, member-driven settlement of (some) trade disputes between (some) WTO members? European Journal of International Law, 27(4), 1119–1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chw062
Puckett, A. L., & Reynolds, W. L. (1996). Rules, sanctions and enforcement under Section 301: At odds with the WTO? American Journal of International Law, 90(4), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203997
Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International Organization, 46(3), 561–598. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027831
Sykes, A. O. (1992). Constructive unilateral threats in international commercial relations: The limited case for Section 301. Law and Policy in International Business, 23, 263–330.
United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. (n.d.). Estimating trade and transport costs in landlocked developing countries. https://www.un.org/ohrlls/sites/www.un.org.ohrlls/files/report_estimating_trade_and_transport_costs_in_lldcs_english.pdf
United States Trade Representative. (2026a). 2026 trade policy agenda and 2025 annual report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Releases/2026/2026%20Trade%20Policy%20Agenda%202025%20Annual%20Report.pdf
United States Trade Representative. (2026b, February 26). USTR seeks public comment on the design of a plurilateral agreement on trade in critical minerals and policy actions to strengthen the resilience of critical mineral supply chains. https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/february/ustr-seeks-public-comment-design-plurilateral-agreement-trade-critical-minerals-and-policy-actions
The White House. (2025, January 20). America First trade policy. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/america-first-trade-policy/
World Bank. (2026). Kazakhstan Trans-Caspian Connectivity Program: Project appraisal document. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099012926181026578/pdf/BOSIB-1c4a931d-9007-426a-8913-db1333eeb9bd.pdf
World Trade Organization. (1994). Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu_e.htm
World Trade Organization. (2000). United States—Sections 301–310 of the Trade Act of 1974: Report of the panel (WT/DS152/R). https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds152_e.htm
World Trade Organization. (2026a). Global trade outlook and statistics—March 2026. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/gtos0326_e.pdf
World Trade Organization. (2026b, March 9). Uzbekistan commits to maintaining “strong momentum” to accede to WTO in 2026. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news26_e/acc_09mar26_316_e.htm
World Trade Organization. (2026c, March 28). DG cites MPIA as “practical, confidence-building bridge” for dispute settlement. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news26_e/mc14_28mar26_350_e.htm
