RELATED RIGHTS IN MULTIMEDIA JOURNALISM: A LAYERED MODEL FOR AUDIO, VIDEO AND BROADCAST REUSE
Keywords:
mass media, journalism, multimedia journalism, related rights, performer, producer of phonograms, broadcasting organization, audiovisual performanceAbstract
This article examines the cumulative layers of copyright and related rights that arise in a single item of multimedia journalism. It distinguishes unprotected news or facts, a journalist’s protected text or script, a reporter’s or presenter’s performance, the phonogram of a podcast, an audiovisual performance, and the broadcast of a broadcasting organization as separate legal objects. The Berne and Rome Conventions, the 1971 Geneva Phonograms Convention, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances are compared. The analysis demonstrates that the Geneva Convention does not provide comprehensive protection for digital journalistic content because it primarily addresses specified forms of unauthorized duplication of phonograms. The article introduces the Layered Related Attribution Model (LRAM), which is the original contribution of the article, to sequentially designate the protected object, the beneficiary, the act of exploitation, the required authorization, and the consequence of remuneration. The model is used in podcasts, video reports, live broadcasts and short clips sent out via the digital channels.
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